Vendor dependencies for 0.3.0 release

vendor/cpal/examples/android.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+
+extern crate anyhow;
+extern crate cpal;
+
+use cpal::{
+    traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait},
+    SizedSample,
+};
+use cpal::{FromSample, Sample};
+
+#[cfg_attr(target_os = "android", ndk_glue::main(backtrace = "full"))]
+fn main() {
+    let host = cpal::default_host();
+
+    let device = host
+        .default_output_device()
+        .expect("failed to find output device");
+
+    let config = device.default_output_config().unwrap();
+
+    match config.sample_format() {
+        cpal::SampleFormat::I8 => run::<i8>(&device, &config.into()).unwrap(),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::I16 => run::<i16>(&device, &config.into()).unwrap(),
+        // cpal::SampleFormat::I24 => run::<I24>(&device, &config.into()).unwrap(),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::I32 => run::<i32>(&device, &config.into()).unwrap(),
+        // cpal::SampleFormat::I48 => run::<I48>(&device, &config.into()).unwrap(),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::I64 => run::<i64>(&device, &config.into()).unwrap(),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::U8 => run::<u8>(&device, &config.into()).unwrap(),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::U16 => run::<u16>(&device, &config.into()).unwrap(),
+        // cpal::SampleFormat::U24 => run::<U24>(&device, &config.into()).unwrap(),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::U32 => run::<u32>(&device, &config.into()).unwrap(),
+        // cpal::SampleFormat::U48 => run::<U48>(&device, &config.into()).unwrap(),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::U64 => run::<u64>(&device, &config.into()).unwrap(),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::F32 => run::<f32>(&device, &config.into()).unwrap(),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::F64 => run::<f64>(&device, &config.into()).unwrap(),
+        sample_format => panic!("Unsupported sample format '{sample_format}'"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn run<T>(device: &cpal::Device, config: &cpal::StreamConfig) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error>
+where
+    T: SizedSample + FromSample<f32>,
+{
+    let sample_rate = config.sample_rate.0 as f32;
+    let channels = config.channels as usize;
+
+    // Produce a sinusoid of maximum amplitude.
+    let mut sample_clock = 0f32;
+    let mut next_value = move || {
+        sample_clock = (sample_clock + 1.0) % sample_rate;
+        (sample_clock * 440.0 * 2.0 * std::f32::consts::PI / sample_rate).sin()
+    };
+
+    let err_fn = |err| eprintln!("an error occurred on stream: {}", err);
+
+    let stream = device.build_output_stream(
+        config,
+        move |data: &mut [T], _: &cpal::OutputCallbackInfo| {
+            write_data(data, channels, &mut next_value)
+        },
+        err_fn,
+        None,
+    )?;
+    stream.play()?;
+
+    std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(1000));
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn write_data<T>(output: &mut [T], channels: usize, next_sample: &mut dyn FnMut() -> f32)
+where
+    T: Sample + FromSample<f32>,
+{
+    for frame in output.chunks_mut(channels) {
+        let value: T = T::from_sample(next_sample());
+        for sample in frame.iter_mut() {
+            *sample = value;
+        }
+    }
+}

vendor/cpal/examples/beep.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+use cpal::{
+    traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait},
+    FromSample, Sample, SizedSample,
+};
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[command(version, about = "CPAL beep example", long_about = None)]
+struct Opt {
+    /// The audio device to use
+    #[arg(short, long, default_value_t = String::from("default"))]
+    device: String,
+
+    /// Use the JACK host
+    #[cfg(all(
+        any(
+            target_os = "linux",
+            target_os = "dragonfly",
+            target_os = "freebsd",
+            target_os = "netbsd"
+        ),
+        feature = "jack"
+    ))]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    jack: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+
+    // Conditionally compile with jack if the feature is specified.
+    #[cfg(all(
+        any(
+            target_os = "linux",
+            target_os = "dragonfly",
+            target_os = "freebsd",
+            target_os = "netbsd"
+        ),
+        feature = "jack"
+    ))]
+    // Manually check for flags. Can be passed through cargo with -- e.g.
+    // cargo run --release --example beep --features jack -- --jack
+    let host = if opt.jack {
+        cpal::host_from_id(cpal::available_hosts()
+            .into_iter()
+            .find(|id| *id == cpal::HostId::Jack)
+            .expect(
+                "make sure --features jack is specified. only works on OSes where jack is available",
+            )).expect("jack host unavailable")
+    } else {
+        cpal::default_host()
+    };
+
+    #[cfg(any(
+        not(any(
+            target_os = "linux",
+            target_os = "dragonfly",
+            target_os = "freebsd",
+            target_os = "netbsd"
+        )),
+        not(feature = "jack")
+    ))]
+    let host = cpal::default_host();
+
+    let device = if opt.device == "default" {
+        host.default_output_device()
+    } else {
+        host.output_devices()?
+            .find(|x| x.name().map(|y| y == opt.device).unwrap_or(false))
+    }
+    .expect("failed to find output device");
+    println!("Output device: {}", device.name()?);
+
+    let config = device.default_output_config().unwrap();
+    println!("Default output config: {:?}", config);
+
+    match config.sample_format() {
+        cpal::SampleFormat::I8 => run::<i8>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::I16 => run::<i16>(&device, &config.into()),
+        // cpal::SampleFormat::I24 => run::<I24>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::I32 => run::<i32>(&device, &config.into()),
+        // cpal::SampleFormat::I48 => run::<I48>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::I64 => run::<i64>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::U8 => run::<u8>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::U16 => run::<u16>(&device, &config.into()),
+        // cpal::SampleFormat::U24 => run::<U24>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::U32 => run::<u32>(&device, &config.into()),
+        // cpal::SampleFormat::U48 => run::<U48>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::U64 => run::<u64>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::F32 => run::<f32>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::F64 => run::<f64>(&device, &config.into()),
+        sample_format => panic!("Unsupported sample format '{sample_format}'"),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn run<T>(device: &cpal::Device, config: &cpal::StreamConfig) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error>
+where
+    T: SizedSample + FromSample<f32>,
+{
+    let sample_rate = config.sample_rate.0 as f32;
+    let channels = config.channels as usize;
+
+    // Produce a sinusoid of maximum amplitude.
+    let mut sample_clock = 0f32;
+    let mut next_value = move || {
+        sample_clock = (sample_clock + 1.0) % sample_rate;
+        (sample_clock * 440.0 * 2.0 * std::f32::consts::PI / sample_rate).sin()
+    };
+
+    let err_fn = |err| eprintln!("an error occurred on stream: {}", err);
+
+    let stream = device.build_output_stream(
+        config,
+        move |data: &mut [T], _: &cpal::OutputCallbackInfo| {
+            write_data(data, channels, &mut next_value)
+        },
+        err_fn,
+        None,
+    )?;
+    stream.play()?;
+
+    std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(1000));
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn write_data<T>(output: &mut [T], channels: usize, next_sample: &mut dyn FnMut() -> f32)
+where
+    T: Sample + FromSample<f32>,
+{
+    for frame in output.chunks_mut(channels) {
+        let value: T = T::from_sample(next_sample());
+        for sample in frame.iter_mut() {
+            *sample = value;
+        }
+    }
+}

vendor/cpal/examples/enumerate.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+extern crate anyhow;
+extern crate cpal;
+
+use cpal::traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait};
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
+    println!("Supported hosts:\n  {:?}", cpal::ALL_HOSTS);
+    let available_hosts = cpal::available_hosts();
+    println!("Available hosts:\n  {:?}", available_hosts);
+
+    for host_id in available_hosts {
+        println!("{}", host_id.name());
+        let host = cpal::host_from_id(host_id)?;
+
+        let default_in = host.default_input_device().map(|e| e.name().unwrap());
+        let default_out = host.default_output_device().map(|e| e.name().unwrap());
+        println!("  Default Input Device:\n    {:?}", default_in);
+        println!("  Default Output Device:\n    {:?}", default_out);
+
+        let devices = host.devices()?;
+        println!("  Devices: ");
+        for (device_index, device) in devices.enumerate() {
+            println!("  {}. \"{}\"", device_index + 1, device.name()?);
+
+            // Input configs
+            if let Ok(conf) = device.default_input_config() {
+                println!("    Default input stream config:\n      {:?}", conf);
+            }
+            let input_configs = match device.supported_input_configs() {
+                Ok(f) => f.collect(),
+                Err(e) => {
+                    println!("    Error getting supported input configs: {:?}", e);
+                    Vec::new()
+                }
+            };
+            if !input_configs.is_empty() {
+                println!("    All supported input stream configs:");
+                for (config_index, config) in input_configs.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                    println!(
+                        "      {}.{}. {:?}",
+                        device_index + 1,
+                        config_index + 1,
+                        config
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Output configs
+            if let Ok(conf) = device.default_output_config() {
+                println!("    Default output stream config:\n      {:?}", conf);
+            }
+            let output_configs = match device.supported_output_configs() {
+                Ok(f) => f.collect(),
+                Err(e) => {
+                    println!("    Error getting supported output configs: {:?}", e);
+                    Vec::new()
+                }
+            };
+            if !output_configs.is_empty() {
+                println!("    All supported output stream configs:");
+                for (config_index, config) in output_configs.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                    println!(
+                        "      {}.{}. {:?}",
+                        device_index + 1,
+                        config_index + 1,
+                        config
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

vendor/cpal/examples/feedback.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+//! Feeds back the input stream directly into the output stream.
+//!
+//! Assumes that the input and output devices can use the same stream configuration and that they
+//! support the f32 sample format.
+//!
+//! Uses a delay of `LATENCY_MS` milliseconds in case the default input and output streams are not
+//! precisely synchronised.
+
+use clap::Parser;
+use cpal::traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait};
+use ringbuf::HeapRb;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[command(version, about = "CPAL feedback example", long_about = None)]
+struct Opt {
+    /// The input audio device to use
+    #[arg(short, long, value_name = "IN", default_value_t = String::from("default"))]
+    input_device: String,
+
+    /// The output audio device to use
+    #[arg(short, long, value_name = "OUT", default_value_t = String::from("default"))]
+    output_device: String,
+
+    /// Specify the delay between input and output
+    #[arg(short, long, value_name = "DELAY_MS", default_value_t = 150.0)]
+    latency: f32,
+
+    /// Use the JACK host
+    #[cfg(all(
+        any(
+            target_os = "linux",
+            target_os = "dragonfly",
+            target_os = "freebsd",
+            target_os = "netbsd"
+        ),
+        feature = "jack"
+    ))]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    jack: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+
+    // Conditionally compile with jack if the feature is specified.
+    #[cfg(all(
+        any(
+            target_os = "linux",
+            target_os = "dragonfly",
+            target_os = "freebsd",
+            target_os = "netbsd"
+        ),
+        feature = "jack"
+    ))]
+    // Manually check for flags. Can be passed through cargo with -- e.g.
+    // cargo run --release --example beep --features jack -- --jack
+    let host = if opt.jack {
+        cpal::host_from_id(cpal::available_hosts()
+            .into_iter()
+            .find(|id| *id == cpal::HostId::Jack)
+            .expect(
+                "make sure --features jack is specified. only works on OSes where jack is available",
+            )).expect("jack host unavailable")
+    } else {
+        cpal::default_host()
+    };
+
+    #[cfg(any(
+        not(any(
+            target_os = "linux",
+            target_os = "dragonfly",
+            target_os = "freebsd",
+            target_os = "netbsd"
+        )),
+        not(feature = "jack")
+    ))]
+    let host = cpal::default_host();
+
+    // Find devices.
+    let input_device = if opt.input_device == "default" {
+        host.default_input_device()
+    } else {
+        host.input_devices()?
+            .find(|x| x.name().map(|y| y == opt.input_device).unwrap_or(false))
+    }
+    .expect("failed to find input device");
+
+    let output_device = if opt.output_device == "default" {
+        host.default_output_device()
+    } else {
+        host.output_devices()?
+            .find(|x| x.name().map(|y| y == opt.output_device).unwrap_or(false))
+    }
+    .expect("failed to find output device");
+
+    println!("Using input device: \"{}\"", input_device.name()?);
+    println!("Using output device: \"{}\"", output_device.name()?);
+
+    // We'll try and use the same configuration between streams to keep it simple.
+    let config: cpal::StreamConfig = input_device.default_input_config()?.into();
+
+    // Create a delay in case the input and output devices aren't synced.
+    let latency_frames = (opt.latency / 1_000.0) * config.sample_rate.0 as f32;
+    let latency_samples = latency_frames as usize * config.channels as usize;
+
+    // The buffer to share samples
+    let ring = HeapRb::<f32>::new(latency_samples * 2);
+    let (mut producer, mut consumer) = ring.split();
+
+    // Fill the samples with 0.0 equal to the length of the delay.
+    for _ in 0..latency_samples {
+        // The ring buffer has twice as much space as necessary to add latency here,
+        // so this should never fail
+        producer.push(0.0).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    let input_data_fn = move |data: &[f32], _: &cpal::InputCallbackInfo| {
+        let mut output_fell_behind = false;
+        for &sample in data {
+            if producer.push(sample).is_err() {
+                output_fell_behind = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if output_fell_behind {
+            eprintln!("output stream fell behind: try increasing latency");
+        }
+    };
+
+    let output_data_fn = move |data: &mut [f32], _: &cpal::OutputCallbackInfo| {
+        let mut input_fell_behind = false;
+        for sample in data {
+            *sample = match consumer.pop() {
+                Some(s) => s,
+                None => {
+                    input_fell_behind = true;
+                    0.0
+                }
+            };
+        }
+        if input_fell_behind {
+            eprintln!("input stream fell behind: try increasing latency");
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Build streams.
+    println!(
+        "Attempting to build both streams with f32 samples and `{:?}`.",
+        config
+    );
+    let input_stream = input_device.build_input_stream(&config, input_data_fn, err_fn, None)?;
+    let output_stream = output_device.build_output_stream(&config, output_data_fn, err_fn, None)?;
+    println!("Successfully built streams.");
+
+    // Play the streams.
+    println!(
+        "Starting the input and output streams with `{}` milliseconds of latency.",
+        opt.latency
+    );
+    input_stream.play()?;
+    output_stream.play()?;
+
+    // Run for 3 seconds before closing.
+    println!("Playing for 3 seconds... ");
+    std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(3));
+    drop(input_stream);
+    drop(output_stream);
+    println!("Done!");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn err_fn(err: cpal::StreamError) {
+    eprintln!("an error occurred on stream: {}", err);
+}

vendor/cpal/examples/record_wav.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+//! Records a WAV file (roughly 3 seconds long) using the default input device and config.
+//!
+//! The input data is recorded to "$CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR/recorded.wav".
+
+use clap::Parser;
+use cpal::traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait};
+use cpal::{FromSample, Sample};
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::BufWriter;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[command(version, about = "CPAL record_wav example", long_about = None)]
+struct Opt {
+    /// The audio device to use
+    #[arg(short, long, default_value_t = String::from("default"))]
+    device: String,
+
+    /// Use the JACK host
+    #[cfg(all(
+        any(
+            target_os = "linux",
+            target_os = "dragonfly",
+            target_os = "freebsd",
+            target_os = "netbsd"
+        ),
+        feature = "jack"
+    ))]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    jack: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
+    let opt = Opt::parse();
+
+    // Conditionally compile with jack if the feature is specified.
+    #[cfg(all(
+        any(
+            target_os = "linux",
+            target_os = "dragonfly",
+            target_os = "freebsd",
+            target_os = "netbsd"
+        ),
+        feature = "jack"
+    ))]
+    // Manually check for flags. Can be passed through cargo with -- e.g.
+    // cargo run --release --example beep --features jack -- --jack
+    let host = if opt.jack {
+        cpal::host_from_id(cpal::available_hosts()
+            .into_iter()
+            .find(|id| *id == cpal::HostId::Jack)
+            .expect(
+                "make sure --features jack is specified. only works on OSes where jack is available",
+            )).expect("jack host unavailable")
+    } else {
+        cpal::default_host()
+    };
+
+    #[cfg(any(
+        not(any(
+            target_os = "linux",
+            target_os = "dragonfly",
+            target_os = "freebsd",
+            target_os = "netbsd"
+        )),
+        not(feature = "jack")
+    ))]
+    let host = cpal::default_host();
+
+    // Set up the input device and stream with the default input config.
+    let device = if opt.device == "default" {
+        host.default_input_device()
+    } else {
+        host.input_devices()?
+            .find(|x| x.name().map(|y| y == opt.device).unwrap_or(false))
+    }
+    .expect("failed to find input device");
+
+    println!("Input device: {}", device.name()?);
+
+    let config = device
+        .default_input_config()
+        .expect("Failed to get default input config");
+    println!("Default input config: {:?}", config);
+
+    // The WAV file we're recording to.
+    const PATH: &str = concat!(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"), "/recorded.wav");
+    let spec = wav_spec_from_config(&config);
+    let writer = hound::WavWriter::create(PATH, spec)?;
+    let writer = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Some(writer)));
+
+    // A flag to indicate that recording is in progress.
+    println!("Begin recording...");
+
+    // Run the input stream on a separate thread.
+    let writer_2 = writer.clone();
+
+    let err_fn = move |err| {
+        eprintln!("an error occurred on stream: {}", err);
+    };
+
+    let stream = match config.sample_format() {
+        cpal::SampleFormat::I8 => device.build_input_stream(
+            &config.into(),
+            move |data, _: &_| write_input_data::<i8, i8>(data, &writer_2),
+            err_fn,
+            None,
+        )?,
+        cpal::SampleFormat::I16 => device.build_input_stream(
+            &config.into(),
+            move |data, _: &_| write_input_data::<i16, i16>(data, &writer_2),
+            err_fn,
+            None,
+        )?,
+        cpal::SampleFormat::I32 => device.build_input_stream(
+            &config.into(),
+            move |data, _: &_| write_input_data::<i32, i32>(data, &writer_2),
+            err_fn,
+            None,
+        )?,
+        cpal::SampleFormat::F32 => device.build_input_stream(
+            &config.into(),
+            move |data, _: &_| write_input_data::<f32, f32>(data, &writer_2),
+            err_fn,
+            None,
+        )?,
+        sample_format => {
+            return Err(anyhow::Error::msg(format!(
+                "Unsupported sample format '{sample_format}'"
+            )))
+        }
+    };
+
+    stream.play()?;
+
+    // Let recording go for roughly three seconds.
+    std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(3));
+    drop(stream);
+    writer.lock().unwrap().take().unwrap().finalize()?;
+    println!("Recording {} complete!", PATH);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn sample_format(format: cpal::SampleFormat) -> hound::SampleFormat {
+    if format.is_float() {
+        hound::SampleFormat::Float
+    } else {
+        hound::SampleFormat::Int
+    }
+}
+
+fn wav_spec_from_config(config: &cpal::SupportedStreamConfig) -> hound::WavSpec {
+    hound::WavSpec {
+        channels: config.channels() as _,
+        sample_rate: config.sample_rate().0 as _,
+        bits_per_sample: (config.sample_format().sample_size() * 8) as _,
+        sample_format: sample_format(config.sample_format()),
+    }
+}
+
+type WavWriterHandle = Arc<Mutex<Option<hound::WavWriter<BufWriter<File>>>>>;
+
+fn write_input_data<T, U>(input: &[T], writer: &WavWriterHandle)
+where
+    T: Sample,
+    U: Sample + hound::Sample + FromSample<T>,
+{
+    if let Ok(mut guard) = writer.try_lock() {
+        if let Some(writer) = guard.as_mut() {
+            for &sample in input.iter() {
+                let sample: U = U::from_sample(sample);
+                writer.write_sample(sample).ok();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

vendor/cpal/examples/synth_tones.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+/* This example expose parameter to pass generator of sample.
+Good starting point for integration of cpal into your application.
+*/
+
+extern crate anyhow;
+extern crate clap;
+extern crate cpal;
+
+use cpal::{
+    traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait},
+    SizedSample,
+};
+use cpal::{FromSample, Sample};
+
+fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let stream = stream_setup_for()?;
+    stream.play()?;
+    std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(4000));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub enum Waveform {
+    Sine,
+    Square,
+    Saw,
+    Triangle,
+}
+
+pub struct Oscillator {
+    pub sample_rate: f32,
+    pub waveform: Waveform,
+    pub current_sample_index: f32,
+    pub frequency_hz: f32,
+}
+
+impl Oscillator {
+    fn advance_sample(&mut self) {
+        self.current_sample_index = (self.current_sample_index + 1.0) % self.sample_rate;
+    }
+
+    fn set_waveform(&mut self, waveform: Waveform) {
+        self.waveform = waveform;
+    }
+
+    fn calculate_sine_output_from_freq(&self, freq: f32) -> f32 {
+        let two_pi = 2.0 * std::f32::consts::PI;
+        (self.current_sample_index * freq * two_pi / self.sample_rate).sin()
+    }
+
+    fn is_multiple_of_freq_above_nyquist(&self, multiple: f32) -> bool {
+        self.frequency_hz * multiple > self.sample_rate / 2.0
+    }
+
+    fn sine_wave(&mut self) -> f32 {
+        self.advance_sample();
+        self.calculate_sine_output_from_freq(self.frequency_hz)
+    }
+
+    fn generative_waveform(&mut self, harmonic_index_increment: i32, gain_exponent: f32) -> f32 {
+        self.advance_sample();
+        let mut output = 0.0;
+        let mut i = 1;
+        while !self.is_multiple_of_freq_above_nyquist(i as f32) {
+            let gain = 1.0 / (i as f32).powf(gain_exponent);
+            output += gain * self.calculate_sine_output_from_freq(self.frequency_hz * i as f32);
+            i += harmonic_index_increment;
+        }
+        output
+    }
+
+    fn square_wave(&mut self) -> f32 {
+        self.generative_waveform(2, 1.0)
+    }
+
+    fn saw_wave(&mut self) -> f32 {
+        self.generative_waveform(1, 1.0)
+    }
+
+    fn triangle_wave(&mut self) -> f32 {
+        self.generative_waveform(2, 2.0)
+    }
+
+    fn tick(&mut self) -> f32 {
+        match self.waveform {
+            Waveform::Sine => self.sine_wave(),
+            Waveform::Square => self.square_wave(),
+            Waveform::Saw => self.saw_wave(),
+            Waveform::Triangle => self.triangle_wave(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn stream_setup_for() -> Result<cpal::Stream, anyhow::Error>
+where
+{
+    let (_host, device, config) = host_device_setup()?;
+
+    match config.sample_format() {
+        cpal::SampleFormat::I8 => make_stream::<i8>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::I16 => make_stream::<i16>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::I32 => make_stream::<i32>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::I64 => make_stream::<i64>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::U8 => make_stream::<u8>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::U16 => make_stream::<u16>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::U32 => make_stream::<u32>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::U64 => make_stream::<u64>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::F32 => make_stream::<f32>(&device, &config.into()),
+        cpal::SampleFormat::F64 => make_stream::<f64>(&device, &config.into()),
+        sample_format => Err(anyhow::Error::msg(format!(
+            "Unsupported sample format '{sample_format}'"
+        ))),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn host_device_setup(
+) -> Result<(cpal::Host, cpal::Device, cpal::SupportedStreamConfig), anyhow::Error> {
+    let host = cpal::default_host();
+
+    let device = host
+        .default_output_device()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::Error::msg("Default output device is not available"))?;
+    println!("Output device : {}", device.name()?);
+
+    let config = device.default_output_config()?;
+    println!("Default output config : {:?}", config);
+
+    Ok((host, device, config))
+}
+
+pub fn make_stream<T>(
+    device: &cpal::Device,
+    config: &cpal::StreamConfig,
+) -> Result<cpal::Stream, anyhow::Error>
+where
+    T: SizedSample + FromSample<f32>,
+{
+    let num_channels = config.channels as usize;
+    let mut oscillator = Oscillator {
+        waveform: Waveform::Sine,
+        sample_rate: config.sample_rate.0 as f32,
+        current_sample_index: 0.0,
+        frequency_hz: 440.0,
+    };
+    let err_fn = |err| eprintln!("Error building output sound stream: {}", err);
+
+    let time_at_start = std::time::Instant::now();
+    println!("Time at start: {:?}", time_at_start);
+
+    let stream = device.build_output_stream(
+        config,
+        move |output: &mut [T], _: &cpal::OutputCallbackInfo| {
+            // for 0-1s play sine, 1-2s play square, 2-3s play saw, 3-4s play triangle_wave
+            let time_since_start = std::time::Instant::now()
+                .duration_since(time_at_start)
+                .as_secs_f32();
+            if time_since_start < 1.0 {
+                oscillator.set_waveform(Waveform::Sine);
+            } else if time_since_start < 2.0 {
+                oscillator.set_waveform(Waveform::Triangle);
+            } else if time_since_start < 3.0 {
+                oscillator.set_waveform(Waveform::Square);
+            } else if time_since_start < 4.0 {
+                oscillator.set_waveform(Waveform::Saw);
+            } else {
+                oscillator.set_waveform(Waveform::Sine);
+            }
+            process_frame(output, &mut oscillator, num_channels)
+        },
+        err_fn,
+        None,
+    )?;
+
+    Ok(stream)
+}
+
+fn process_frame<SampleType>(
+    output: &mut [SampleType],
+    oscillator: &mut Oscillator,
+    num_channels: usize,
+) where
+    SampleType: Sample + FromSample<f32>,
+{
+    for frame in output.chunks_mut(num_channels) {
+        let value: SampleType = SampleType::from_sample(oscillator.tick());
+
+        // copy the same value to all channels
+        for sample in frame.iter_mut() {
+            *sample = value;
+        }
+    }
+}