use core::ptr::NonNull;

use crate::__macro_helpers::declared_ivars::get_initialized_ivar_ptr;
use crate::encode::RefEncode;
use crate::msg_send_id;
use crate::mutability::{IsAllocableAnyThread, IsRetainable, Mutability};
use crate::rc::{Allocated, Retained};
use crate::runtime::{AnyClass, AnyProtocol};

/// Types that can be sent Objective-C messages.
///
/// Implementing this provides [`MessageReceiver`] implementations for common
/// pointer types and references to the type, which allows using them as the
/// receiver (first argument) in the [`msg_send!`][`crate::msg_send`] macro.
///
/// This trait also allows the object to be used in [`Retained`].
///
/// This is a subtrait of [`RefEncode`], meaning the type must also implement
/// that, almost always with [`RefEncode::ENCODING_REF`] being
/// [`Encoding::Object`].
///
/// This can be implemented for unsized (`!Sized`) types, but the intention is
/// not to support dynamically sized types like slices, only `extern type`s
/// (which is currently unstable).
///
/// [`MessageReceiver`]: crate::runtime::MessageReceiver
/// [`Encoding::Object`]: crate::Encoding::Object
///
///
/// # `Drop` interaction
///
/// If the inner type implements [`Drop`], that implementation will very
/// likely not be called, since there is no way to ensure that the Objective-C
/// runtime will do so. If you need to run some code when the object is
/// destroyed, implement the `dealloc` method instead.
///
/// The [`declare_class!`] macro does this for you, but the [`extern_class!`]
/// macro fundamentally cannot.
///
/// [`declare_class!`]: crate::declare_class
/// [`extern_class!`]: crate::extern_class
///
///
/// # Safety
///
/// The type must represent an Objective-C object, meaning it:
/// - Must be valid to reinterpret as [`AnyObject`].
/// - Must be able to be the receiver of an Objective-C message sent with
///   [`objc_msgSend`] or similar.
/// - Must respond to the standard memory management `retain`, `release` and
///   `autorelease` messages.
/// - Must support weak references. (In the future we should probably make a
///   new trait for this, for example `NSTextView` only supports weak
///   references on macOS 10.12 or above).
///
/// [`AnyObject`]: crate::runtime::AnyObject
/// [`objc_msgSend`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/objectivec/1456712-objc_msgsend
///
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// use objc2::runtime::NSObject;
/// use objc2::{Encoding, Message, RefEncode};
///
/// #[repr(C)]
/// struct MyObject {
///     // This has the exact same layout as `NSObject`
///     inner: NSObject
/// }
///
/// unsafe impl RefEncode for MyObject {
///     const ENCODING_REF: Encoding = Encoding::Object;
/// }
///
/// unsafe impl Message for MyObject {}
///
/// // `*mut MyObject` and other pointer/reference types to the object can
/// // now be used in `msg_send!`
/// //
/// // And `Retained<MyObject>` can now be constructed.
/// ```
pub unsafe trait Message: RefEncode {}

/// Marks types that represent specific classes.
///
/// Sometimes it is enough to generically know that a type is messageable,
/// e.g. [`Retained`] works with any type that implements the [`Message`]
/// trait. But often, you have an object that you know represents a specific
/// Objective-C class - this trait allows you to communicate that, as well as
/// a few properties of the class to the rest of the type-system.
///
/// This is implemented automatically for your type by the
/// [`declare_class!`][crate::declare_class] and
/// [`extern_class!`][crate::extern_class] macros.
///
///
/// # Safety
///
/// 1. The type must represent a specific class.
/// 2. [`Self::Super`] must be a superclass of the class (or something that
///    represents any object, like [`AnyObject`][crate::runtime::AnyObject]).
/// 3. [`Self::Mutability`] must be specified correctly.
///
///    Note that very little Objective-C code follows Rust's usual ownership
///    model. If you think your type's mutability should be [`Mutable`], think
///    again, it _very_ rarely should!
///
///    If you're unsure of what to do, [`InteriorMutable`] + avoiding `&mut`
///    is usually a good starting point.
/// 4. [`Self::NAME`] must be correct.
/// 5. The class returned by [`Self::class`] must be the class that this type
///    represents.
///
/// [`Mutable`]: crate::mutability::Mutable
/// [`InteriorMutable`]: crate::mutability::InteriorMutable
///
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Use the trait to access the [`AnyClass`] of an object.
///
/// ```
/// use objc2::{ClassType, msg_send_id};
/// use objc2::rc::Retained;
/// # use objc2::runtime::{NSObject as MyObject};
///
/// // Get the class of the object.
/// let cls = <MyObject as ClassType>::class();
/// // Or, since the trait is in scope.
/// let cls = MyObject::class();
///
/// // We can now access properties of the class.
/// assert_eq!(cls.name(), MyObject::NAME);
///
/// // And we can send messages to the class.
/// //
/// // SAFETY:
/// // - The class is `MyObject`, which can safely be initialized with `new`.
/// // - The return type is correctly specified.
/// let obj: Retained<MyObject> = unsafe { msg_send_id![cls, new] };
/// ```
///
/// Use the trait to allocate a new instance of an object.
///
/// ```
/// use objc2::{ClassType, msg_send_id};
/// use objc2::rc::Retained;
/// # use objc2::runtime::{NSObject as MyObject};
///
/// let obj = MyObject::alloc();
///
/// // Now we can call initializers on this newly allocated object.
/// //
/// // SAFETY: `MyObject` can safely be initialized with `init`.
/// let obj: Retained<MyObject> = unsafe { msg_send_id![obj, init] };
/// ```
///
/// Use the [`extern_class!`][crate::extern_class] macro to implement this
/// trait for a type.
///
/// ```
/// use objc2::runtime::NSObject;
/// use objc2::{extern_class, mutability, ClassType};
///
/// extern_class!(
///     struct MyClass;
///
///     // SAFETY: The superclass and the mutability is correctly specified.
///     unsafe impl ClassType for MyClass {
///         type Super = NSObject;
///         type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
///         # // For testing purposes
///         # const NAME: &'static str = "NSObject";
///     }
/// );
///
/// let cls = MyClass::class();
/// let obj = MyClass::alloc();
/// ```
///
/// Implement the trait manually for a class with a lifetime parameter.
///
/// ```
#[doc = include_str!("../examples/class_with_lifetime.rs")]
/// ```
pub unsafe trait ClassType: Message {
    /// The superclass of this class.
    ///
    /// If you have implemented [`Deref`] for your type, it is highly
    /// recommended that this is equal to [`Deref::Target`].
    ///
    /// This may be [`AnyObject`] if the class is a root class.
    ///
    /// [`Deref`]: std::ops::Deref
    /// [`Deref::Target`]: std::ops::Deref::Target
    /// [`AnyObject`]: crate::runtime::AnyObject
    type Super: Message;

    /// Whether the type is mutable or immutable.
    ///
    /// See the [`mutability`][crate::mutability] module for further details
    /// about class mutability.
    type Mutability: Mutability;

    /// The name of the Objective-C class that this type represents.
    ///
    /// `T::NAME` is the `const` version of `T::class().name()`.
    const NAME: &'static str;

    /// Get a reference to the Objective-C class that this type represents.
    ///
    /// May register the class with the runtime if it wasn't already.
    ///
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// This may panic if something went wrong with getting or declaring the
    /// class, e.g. if the program is not properly linked to the framework
    /// that defines the class.
    fn class() -> &'static AnyClass;

    /// Get an immutable reference to the superclass.
    // Note: It'd be safe to provide a default impl using transmute here if
    // we wanted to!
    fn as_super(&self) -> &Self::Super;

    /// Get a mutable reference to the superclass.
    // Note: No `Self: IsMutable` bound required here, since there is no way
    // to get `&mut self` in the first place.
    //
    // Or at least, if we have `&mut NSMutableString`, we're allowed to get
    // `&mut NSString`, and from that it will also make sense to allow getting
    // `&mut NSObject`.
    fn as_super_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Super;

    /// Increment the reference count of the receiver.
    ///
    /// This extends the duration in which the receiver is alive by detaching
    /// it from the lifetime information carried by the reference.
    ///
    /// This is similar to using [`Clone` on `Retained<Self>`][clone-id], with
    /// the addition that it can be used on a plain reference. Note however
    /// that this is not possible to use on certain types like `NSString`,
    /// since if you only hold `&NSString`, that may have come from
    /// `&mut NSMutableString`, in which case it would be unsound to erase the
    /// lifetime information carried by the reference.
    ///
    /// In cases like that, you should rather use `NSCopying::copy` (since
    /// that gives you a `NSString` whether the string was originally a
    /// `NSString` or a `NSMutableString`).
    ///
    /// [clone-id]: crate::rc::Retained#impl-Clone-for-Retained<T>
    //
    // Note: We could have placed this on `mutability::IsRetainable`, but
    // `ClassType` is more often already in scope, allowing easier access to
    // `obj.retain()`.
    #[inline]
    #[doc(alias = "objc_retain")]
    fn retain(&self) -> Retained<Self>
    where
        Self: IsRetainable,
        Self: Sized, // Temporary
    {
        let ptr: *const Self = self;
        let ptr: *mut Self = ptr as _;
        // SAFETY:
        // - The object is known to not be mutable (or have a mutable
        //   subclass) due to the `IsRetainable` bound.
        // - The pointer is valid since it came from `&self`.
        // - The lifetime of the pointer itself is extended, but any lifetime
        //   that the object may carry is still kept within the type itself.
        let obj = unsafe { Retained::retain(ptr) };
        // SAFETY: The pointer came from `&self`, which is always non-null
        // (and objc_retain always returns the same value).
        unsafe { obj.unwrap_unchecked() }
    }

    /// Allocate a new instance of the class.
    ///
    /// The return value can be used directly inside [`msg_send_id!`] to
    /// initialize the object.
    ///
    /// For classes that are only usable on the main thread, you can use
    /// `MainThreadMarker::alloc` instead.
    ///
    /// [`msg_send_id!`]: crate::msg_send_id
    //
    // Note: We could have placed this on `mutability::IsAllocableAnyThread`,
    // but `ClassType` is more often already in scope, allowing easier access
    // to `T::alloc()`.
    #[inline]
    fn alloc() -> Allocated<Self>
    where
        Self: IsAllocableAnyThread + Sized,
    {
        // SAFETY:
        // - It is always safe to (attempt to) allocate an object.
        // - The object is of the correct type, since we've used the class
        //   from `Self::class`.
        // - The object is safe to `dealloc` on the current thread (due to the
        //   `IsAllocableAnyThread` bound which guarantees it is not
        //   `MainThreadOnly`).
        //
        // See also `MainThreadMarker::alloc`.
        unsafe { msg_send_id![Self::class(), alloc] }
    }

    // TODO: `fn alloc_on_main(mtm: MainThreadMarker)`
    // TODO: `fn mtm(&self) -> MainThreadMarker where T::Mutability: MainThreadOnly`
}

/// Marks types whose implementation is defined in Rust.
///
/// This is used in [`declare_class!`], and allows access to the instance
/// variables that a given type declares, see that macro for details.
///
/// [`declare_class!`]: crate::declare_class
//
// Note: We mark this trait as not `unsafe` for better documentation, since
// implementing it inside `declare_class!` is not `unsafe`.
//
// Safety is ensured by `__UNSAFE_OFFSETS_CORRECT`.
pub trait DeclaredClass: ClassType {
    /// A type representing the instance variables that this class carries.
    type Ivars: Sized;

    // TODO: Add `ivars_ptr(this: NonNull<Self>) -> NonNull<Self::Ivars>`?

    /// Get a reference to the instance variable data that this object
    /// carries.
    #[inline]
    #[track_caller]
    fn ivars(&self) -> &Self::Ivars
    where
        Self: Sized, // Required because of MSRV
    {
        let ptr: NonNull<Self> = NonNull::from(self);
        // SAFETY: The pointer is valid and initialized.
        let ivars = unsafe { get_initialized_ivar_ptr(ptr) };
        // SAFETY: The lifetime of the instance variable is tied to the object.
        unsafe { ivars.as_ref() }
    }

    /// Get a mutable reference to the instance variable data that this object
    /// carries.
    #[inline]
    #[track_caller]
    fn ivars_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Ivars
    where
        Self: Sized, // Required because of MSRV
    {
        let ptr: NonNull<Self> = NonNull::from(self);
        // SAFETY: The pointer is valid and initialized.
        let mut ivars = unsafe { get_initialized_ivar_ptr(ptr) };
        // SAFETY: The lifetime of the instance variable is tied to the object.
        //
        // Mutability is safe since the object itself is mutable. See
        // `ClassType::as_super_mut` for why this is safe without
        // `Self: IsMutable`.
        unsafe { ivars.as_mut() }
    }

    #[doc(hidden)]
    fn __ivars_offset() -> isize;

    #[doc(hidden)]
    fn __drop_flag_offset() -> isize;

    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// The ivar offset and drop flag offsets must be implemented correctly.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    const __UNSAFE_OFFSETS_CORRECT: ();
}

/// Marks types that represent specific protocols.
///
/// This is the protocol equivalent of [`ClassType`].
///
/// This is implemented automatically by the [`extern_protocol!`] macro for
/// `dyn T`, where `T` is the protocol.
///
/// [`ClassType`]: crate::ClassType
/// [`extern_protocol!`]: crate::extern_protocol
///
///
/// # Safety
///
/// This is meant to be a sealed trait, and should not be implemented outside
/// of the [`extern_protocol!`] macro.
///
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Use the trait to access the [`AnyProtocol`] of different objects.
///
/// ```
/// use objc2::ProtocolType;
/// use objc2::runtime::NSObjectProtocol;
/// // Get a protocol object representing the `NSObject` protocol
/// let protocol = <dyn NSObjectProtocol>::protocol().expect("NSObject to have a protocol");
/// assert_eq!(<dyn NSObjectProtocol>::NAME, protocol.name());
/// # // Ensure Foundation links on GNUStep
/// # let _cls = objc2::class!(NSObject);
/// ```
///
/// Use the [`extern_protocol!`] macro to implement this trait for a type.
///
/// ```no_run
/// use objc2::{extern_protocol, ProtocolType};
///
/// extern_protocol!(
///     unsafe trait MyProtocol {}
///     unsafe impl ProtocolType for dyn MyProtocol {}
/// );
///
/// let protocol = <dyn MyProtocol>::protocol();
/// ```
pub unsafe trait ProtocolType {
    /// The name of the Objective-C protocol that this type represents.
    const NAME: &'static str;

    /// Get a reference to the Objective-C protocol object that this type
    /// represents.
    ///
    /// May register the protocol with the runtime if it wasn't already.
    ///
    /// Note that some protocols [are not registered with the runtime][p-obj],
    /// depending on various factors. In those cases, this function may return
    /// `None`.
    ///
    /// [p-obj]: https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ObjectiveC/Chapters/ocProtocols.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP30001163-CH15-TPXREF149
    ///
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// This may panic if something went wrong with getting or declaring the
    /// protocol, e.g. if the program is not properly linked to the framework
    /// that defines the protocol.
    fn protocol() -> Option<&'static AnyProtocol> {
        AnyProtocol::get(Self::NAME)
    }

    #[doc(hidden)]
    const __INNER: ();
}